Status Hukum Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) menurut Hukum Laut Internasional: Peluang dan Tantangan

Main Article Content

Dhiana Puspitawati
Rangga Vandy Wardana
M Riadhussyah

Abstract

Technological advancements, particularly in marine technology, necessitate a legal framework to keep pace with these developments. One notable trend in marine technology is the growing use of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) for a variety of purposes, ranging from recreation and tourism to military applications. Given that human use of the sea is limited by our capacity to adapt to the marine environment, the automation of sea activities is becoming increasingly common.


However, the operation of UUVs still presents numerous legal issues, particularly when a UUV enters another country's territorial waters. This challenge arises because UUVs remain unregulated within the context of international maritime law. The frequent presence of foreign UUVs in coastal states' waters raises complex questions regarding how these states should respond. Naturally, the actions available to coastal states depend on the legal status of the UUV in question.


This article will explore the legal status of UUVs under the International Law of the Sea and the opportunities and challenges associated with their regulation. In addition to the benefits offered by UUVs, states must establish or reach an agreement on their legal status and regulate their operation. Consequently, regional cooperation is essential.

Article Details

How to Cite
Dhiana Puspitawati, Rangga Vandy Wardana, and M Riadhussyah. 2025. “Status Hukum Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) Menurut Hukum Laut Internasional: Peluang Dan Tantangan”. JATISWARA 40 (1). https://doi.org/10.29303/jtsw.v40i1.1203.
Section
Articles

References

Bjorge, Eirik, The Evolutionary Interpretation of Treaties (Oxford University Press, 2014) 59.

Craig H Allen, ‘Determining the Legal Status of Unmanned Maritime Vehicles: Formalism vs Functionalism’ (2018) 49(4) Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce 477, 486

Collision Regulation 1972

Cronk, Terri Moon, “Chinese Seize US Navy Underwater Drone in South China Sea”, 16 December 2016, available online at https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1032823/chinese-seize-us-navy-underwater-drone-in-south-china-sea/, accessed on 29 September 2024 at 10:52

Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v Nicaragua) (Judgment) [2009] ICJ Rep 213, 243, 66

Dong, Bingying, Bautista, Lowell and Zhu, Ling, “Navigating Unchartered Waters: Challenges and Regulatory Solutions for Flag State Jurisdiction of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships under UNCLOS”, Marine Policy, 161, 2024

Hariadi, Iman, Nurhartonosuro, Imam Munajat, Musani, Imam dan Lusiana, Faurna, “Analisis Resiko Penggunaan Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) Terhadap Keamanan Maritim Indonesia”, Judge: Jurnal Hukum, v.5, n.2, 2024

Hofmann, Tobias & Proelss, Alexander, “The Operation of Gliders Under the International Law of the Sea,” v. 46, n. 3 Ocean Development & International Law, 2015, 167-187

IMO ‘Autonomous Shipping”, International Maritime Organization (2020), dapat diakses secara online di http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopica/Pages/Autonomous-shipping.aspx)

James Kraska, ‘The Law of Unmanned Naval Systems in War and Peace’ (2010) 5(3) Journal of Ocean Technology 44, 56

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)’, European Maritime Safety Authority (2020), dapat diakses secara online di http://emsa.europa.eu/mass.html

McKenzie, Simon, “When is a Ship a Ship? Use by State Armed Forces of Un-crewed Maritime Vehicles and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Law and the Future of War Research Paper No 3– August 2020, University of Queensland Law School

Moh Hazmi, Moh Rusli, Puspitawati, Dhiana, Dremuga, Ramon “The Rise of Unmanned Shipping in Southeast Asian Waters: Between Myth and Reality” in Mafalda Miranda Balbosa et.all, Direito Digital E Intelegencia Artificial, 2021

Nainggolan, Jeremia Humolong Prasetya, ‘Military Application of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles: In Quest of a New Legal Regime?’, Indonesian Journal of International Law, v.16, n.1, 2018, 61-83

Oliver Daum, ‘The Implications of International Law on Unmanned Naval Craft’ (2018) 49(1) Journal of Maritime Law & Commerce 71, 97–8

Puspitawati, Dhiana, “Menyatukan teknologi dan Hukum

dalam Kerangka Kedaulatan Negara: Pengaturan Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) dan Autonomous underwater Vehicle (AUV)”, dipresentasikan pada Seminar Nasional Menilik Eksistensi Kedaulatan Negara di Era Disruptive Technology, Malang, 6 April 2021

Puspitawati, Dhiana, Hukum Laut Internasional, Ed.2, 2021, 6-7

Puspitawati, Dhiana, Hukum Maritim, UB Press, 2019

Rohman, Nur, Simanjutak, Mangisi dan Erlita, Devi. “Analisis Tinjauan Hukum Penggunaan Unmanned underwater Vehicles di Perairan Indonesia”, Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial, v.2, n.2, 2021

Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)

Stephen Li and KS Fung, ‘Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS): Implementation and Legal Issues’ (2019) 4(4)

The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution form Ships (MARPOL).

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982

Vallejo, Daniel, A.G., “Electric Currents: Programming Legal Status into Autonomous Unmanned Underwater Vehicles, 47 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 405, 2015

Veal, Robert, Tsimplis, Michael and Serdy, Andrew, ‘The Legal Status and Operation of Unmanned Maritime Vehicles’ (2019) 50(1) Ocean Development & International Law 23, 24

Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg, ‘Unmanned Maritime Systems: Does the Increasing Use of Naval Weapon Systems Present a Challenge for IHL?’ in Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg, Robert Frau and Tassilo Singer (eds), Dehumanization of Warfare: Legal Implications of New Weapon Technologies (Springer, 2018) 119, 122 <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67266-3_7> (‘Unmanned Maritime Systems’)